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In the organism there is a first line of defence made up of peroxidases and metal chelating proteins which serve as a preventive barrier as they inhibit the formation of ROS and free radicals by capturing metal ions, reducing hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide and quenching superoxide and singlet oxygen. When the free radicals are generated in vivo, many antioxidants act in order to defend the organism from oxidative damage. Each one of these mechanisms presents different kinetics. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals through different mechanisms like Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT), Single Electron Transfer followed by Proton Transfer (SET or ET-PT) and the Sequential Proton Loss Electron Transfer (SPLET) mechanism.

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The antioxidants family include a series of molecules with low oxidation potential which act by donating electrons to deactivate ROS and other free radicals that produce DNA damage and consequently can provoke tumorigenesis.

, found in tar, is capable of reducing oxygen to the superoxide radical.

Two free radicals have been found in tobacco smoke, the main radical NO Nitrogen dioxide, one of the major oxidants in smog, is also found in cigarette smoke. In addition, there are some environmental factors which contribute to the production of free radicals such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, pollution and cigarette smoke. The term “antioxidant paradox” is often used to refer that ROS are implicated in several human diseases but there is no good evidence, in human population, that large doses of dietary antioxidants have always preventive or therapeutic effects. Unfortunately, ROS are not limited to this action and they can also contribute to undesired effects as they induce oxidation processes. Sometimes the presence of ROS in the organism is beneficial as they are used in the immune response to kill ingested or extra-cellular bacteria. −), which is very active, is formed when a single electron is added to the ground state O 2 molecule.Free radicals are formed in different ways: (i) many organic molecules (glyceraldehydes, adrenaline, l-dopa, dopamine, cysteine etc.) oxidize in the presence of O 2 to form the superoxide radical (ii) many of these radicals in vivo are produced by an incomplete transfer of electrons on O 2 just before the terminal cytochrome oxidase step.

A free radical is a species which contains one or more unpaired electrons, which makes them very reactive as they need another electron to fill the orbital and become more stable. Oxidative stress may be defined as an imbalance between ROS levels in the organism and the capacity of antioxidant mechanisms. Nitrogenous species and free radicals start chain reactions which can favour the initiation and progression of many complications in diseases. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are implicated in a large number of illnesses, especially chronic ones. Vegetables and fruits are an important source for therapeutic products which can prevent, relieve or cure numerous illnesses as they are an important source of phytochemicals and other bioactive compounds. Origin of Oxidation: The Importance of Natural Antioxidants